Diabetes is a chronic condition that affects how the body processes blood sugar (glucose). In the United States, millions of people are affected. Estimates suggest that about 97.6 million adults aged 18–64 and 27.2 million adults aged 65 or older have prediabetes, many of whom may not realize they are at risk.

Type 2 diabetes can develop due to a combination of genetic and lifestyle factors. Family history, ethnicity, age, and past gestational diabetes may increase the risk. However, there are also several lifestyle factors that people can change to lower their chances of developing the disease.

In this article, we’ll explore what can cause diabetes, including both modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors, common symptoms, and prevention strategies for better long-term health.

Key Takeaways

• Risk factors for type 2 diabetes include family history, ethnicity, age, and a history of gestational diabetes.
• Lifestyle-related factors such as weight, physical activity, smoking, and blood pressure also influence diabetes risk.
• Understanding what can cause diabetes helps with early prevention and management.
• Healthy lifestyle habits—such as maintaining a balanced weight and staying physically active—can significantly reduce risk.
• Consulting a healthcare professional can provide personalized advice for diabetes prevention and care.

Non-Modifiable Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes

Some risk factors for type 2 diabetes cannot be changed. Understanding these factors can help individuals stay aware of their risk and take preventive steps earlier.

Family History

Having a parent or sibling with type 2 diabetes increases the likelihood of developing the condition. Genetics can influence how the body produces insulin and processes glucose.

Race or Ethnic Background

Certain ethnic groups in the United States have a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes. These include:

• African Americans
• Hispanic or Latino Americans
• Native Americans
• Asian Americans
• Pacific Islanders

The increased risk may result from a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors.

Age

The risk of developing type 2 diabetes increases with age, especially after age 45. As people get older, the body may become less efficient at regulating blood sugar.

Regular health checkups become increasingly important as individuals age.

Gestational Diabetes

Women who develop gestational diabetes during pregnancy have a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life.

Even if blood sugar levels return to normal after childbirth, maintaining healthy lifestyle habits is important to reduce long-term risk.

Modifiable Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes

Unlike genetic factors, certain risks for diabetes can be improved through lifestyle changes.

Weight

Being overweight or obese significantly increases the risk of type 2 diabetes. Excess fat, particularly around the abdomen, can lead to insulin resistance.

Research shows that losing 5–10% of body weight can greatly reduce the risk of developing diabetes.

Physical Activity

Regular exercise improves insulin sensitivity and helps regulate blood sugar levels.

Examples of beneficial activities include:

• walking
• cycling
• swimming
• jogging
• strength training

Health experts recommend at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise per week.

Blood Pressure

High blood pressure is closely linked to diabetes and increases the risk of heart disease and kidney problems.

Healthy eating, regular exercise, and stress management can help maintain healthy blood pressure levels.

Smoking

Smoking increases the risk of type 2 diabetes and interferes with the body’s ability to regulate blood sugar.

Quitting smoking not only reduces diabetes risk but also lowers the likelihood of heart disease, lung disease, and other serious health conditions.

Understanding Type 2 Diabetes

Type 2 diabetes develops when the body becomes resistant to insulin or when the pancreas cannot produce enough insulin.

Insulin allows glucose to enter cells so it can be used as energy. When insulin does not work properly, glucose builds up in the bloodstream, leading to high blood sugar levels.

Over time, high blood sugar can damage various organs and tissues in the body.

Common Symptoms of Type 2 Diabetes

Some individuals may experience noticeable symptoms, including:

• excessive thirst
• frequent urination
• increased hunger
• fatigue
• blurred vision
• slow-healing wounds

However, many people with type 2 diabetes may not notice symptoms initially, which is why regular health screenings are important.

Other Factors That Can Cause Diabetes

In addition to lifestyle and genetic risks, several other conditions may contribute to diabetes.

Genetic Mutations

Certain genetic conditions can lead to specific types of diabetes, such as monogenic diabetes, which affects insulin production.

Other inherited diseases, including cystic fibrosis or hemochromatosis, may also increase diabetes risk.

Hormonal Disorders

Hormonal conditions such as Cushing’s syndrome or hyperthyroidism can interfere with insulin function and increase blood sugar levels.

Pancreatic Damage

Since the pancreas produces insulin, any damage to this organ—such as from pancreatitis, injury, or surgery—can affect insulin production and lead to diabetes.

Certain Medications

Some medications may affect blood sugar levels, including:

• diuretics
• corticosteroids
• certain psychiatric medications
• niacin

Individuals taking these medications should discuss potential risks with their healthcare provider.

Complications Related to Diabetes

If diabetes is not properly managed, it can lead to serious complications affecting multiple organs.

Heart Disease and Stroke

People with diabetes have a higher risk of cardiovascular diseases. High blood sugar can damage blood vessels and increase the risk of heart attacks and strokes.

Nerve Damage

Diabetic neuropathy occurs when high blood sugar damages nerves, often causing numbness, tingling, or pain in the hands and feet.

Kidney Disease

Diabetes can damage the kidneys’ filtering system, leading to diabetic nephropathy and, in severe cases, kidney failure.

Eye Damage

Diabetic retinopathy affects the blood vessels in the retina and may lead to vision problems or blindness if untreated.

Preventing Type 2 Diabetes

Although some risk factors cannot be changed, healthy habits can significantly reduce the likelihood of developing type 2 diabetes.

Eat a Balanced Diet

Focus on nutrient-rich foods such as:

• fruits and vegetables
• whole grains
• lean proteins
• healthy fats

Limiting processed foods and sugary drinks can help maintain healthy blood sugar levels.

Stay Physically Active

Regular physical activity helps regulate blood sugar, improves insulin sensitivity, and supports weight management.

Maintain a Healthy Weight

Maintaining a healthy weight—especially reducing excess abdominal fat—can greatly reduce diabetes risk.

Avoid Prolonged Sitting

Long periods of inactivity can increase diabetes risk. Taking regular movement breaks throughout the day can help.

Lifestyle Changes for Prediabetes

For individuals diagnosed with prediabetes, lifestyle changes such as healthy eating, regular exercise, and weight management can prevent or delay the progression to type 2 diabetes.

Causes of Type 1 Diabetes

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks insulin-producing cells in the pancreas.

Although the exact cause remains unknown, several factors may contribute, including:

• genetic predisposition
• family history
• environmental triggers such as viral infections

Unlike type 2 diabetes, type 1 diabetes cannot currently be prevented.

Causes of Type 2 and Gestational Diabetes

Type 2 Diabetes

Type 2 diabetes is commonly linked to:

• obesity
• lack of physical activity
• insulin resistance
• genetic predisposition

Lifestyle factors play a major role in its development.

Gestational Diabetes

Gestational diabetes develops during pregnancy due to hormonal changes that affect insulin function.

Risk factors include:

• family history of diabetes
• being overweight
• lack of physical activity
• unhealthy diet

Proper management during pregnancy helps protect both mother and baby.

Conclusion

Understanding what can cause diabetes is essential for prevention and early management.

While factors like genetics and age cannot be controlled, many lifestyle habits—such as maintaining a healthy weight, staying active, and avoiding smoking—can significantly reduce the risk.

Regular medical checkups and personalized guidance from healthcare professionals can help individuals manage risk factors and maintain better overall health.

By making informed choices and adopting healthy habits, it is possible to reduce the likelihood of developing diabetes and improve long-term well-being.